![]() ![]() Bee and bird visitation increased with the number of flowers on focal plants. Regardless of native versus non-native status, bees made contact with reproductive structures during most visits (90.5% of visits), while birds stole nectar during most visits (99.3% of visits). We observed birds, mammals, and insects visiting flowers, with a native bird and native bee visiting most frequently. On Oʻahu, we deployed camera traps and conducted in-person observations on four at-risk species of Hawaiian lobelioids (Campanulaceae). Birds and insects are known to visit native plant flowers, but it is unclear whether they pollinate or steal nectar, whether native and non-native species differ in their interactions with flowers, and what influences visitation to flowers. In the Hawaiian Islands, many native plants have lost their original pollinators. ![]() Non-native animals may interact with native flowering plants, with the potential to pollinate or steal nectar (larceny) from flowers without pollination. Pollination is a critical ecosystem process that often requires mutualisms between animals and plants. The extinction of native species and introduction of non-native species may lead to the disruption of biotic interactions. This suggests thatīoth species are capable of autogamy and can produce seeds in the absence of Lobeliad species, mean seed counts were not significantly different in fruits resultingįrom open-pollinated and pollinator-excluded flowers. (Cham.) Hillebr.] in single populations of each species on O‘ahu. To two Hawaiian lobeliad species [Clermontia kakeana Meyen and Cyanea angustifolia Two pollination treatments (open control and pollinator exclusion) were applied In an attempt toĪssess if lobeliad species can produce viable seeds in the absence of pollinators, Loss of pollination for this component of the native flora. Species have undergone wide-scale declines and extinctions, resulting in the potential However, since human colonization, both bird and ornithophilous native plant Least some of the 10 specialist nectarivorous bird species endemic to Hawai‘i. Historically, these genera were believed to have been pollinated by at The native Hawaiian bird-pollinated flora is primarily composed ofįive ornithophilous lobeliad genera, collectively containing approximately 140 ![]()
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